Number Systems

Number system is a standardized method used to express numbers using symbols or digits. We categorize numbers as whole numbers, natural numbers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, etc. We use number systems to perform basic arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.   
 

Since ancient times, numbers have become an essential part of our everyday life. In this section, let’s discuss some number systems.

Early counting methods: In ancient times people used to count using stones, bones, tally marks, etc. As life became more complex, people needed a standard counting system. This led to the development of various numerical symbols and systems.

Egyptian numerals are a way of representing numbers using symbols for power of 10 based on hieroglyphs.
The Mesopotamians used the cuneiform script, where the symbols denote powers of ten. 

Babylonians developed a form of Mesopotamian numerals known as sexagesimal, which is based on the 60 system. 

The ancient Romans used Roman numerals where the number system was based on letters. The letters are I, V, X, L, C, D, and M.

The decimal system is a method we use to represent numbers as part of a whole and it is based on the power of 10.
The modern numeral system we use is called Arabic numerals, where the value of the number is based on its place value.

As technology and mathematics developed further, they gave rise to new numbers systems such as binary, octal, and hexadecimal.
 

The properties of numbers are based on their characteristics, the basic properties are:

• Commutative property
• Associative property
• Distributive property
• Identity property
• Addition
• Subtraction
• Multiplication
• Division 

Commutative property:

When we perform multiplication and addition, the order of the numbers does not affect the result. 

Example: 
In addition: 5 + 2 = 2 + 5 = 7 
In multiplication: 5 × 2 = 2 × 5 = 10

Associative property:

When we add or multiply three or more numbers, the order of the groups does not affect the result.  

Example: 
In addition: (2 + 5) + 3 = (3 + 5) + 2 = 10
In multiplication: (3 × 5) × 2 = (2 × 5) × 3 = 30.

Distributive property: 

If we add two or more addends, multiplying the sum by a number will give the same result as multiplying the number by each addend and then adding the products  

Example: 3 × (4 + 5) = (3 × 4) + (3 × 5) = 27

Identity property:

When we multiply 1 and add 0 to any number, the product and sum will be the same.

Example: 
In addition: 4 + 0 = 4
In multiplication: 5 × 1 = 5
 

The number system is classified into various types depending on their properties. In this section, we will be discussing the four main types of number system.

• Binary Number System
• Decimal Number System
• Octal Number System
• Hexadecimal Number System

Binary Number System

• The base of this number system is 2
• The binary system uses only two digits 0 and 1. Here, no other numbers are used. 
• Here, the digits 0 and 1 are known as binary numbers
• It is used in computer systems and electronic devices. 

Decimal Number System

• The base of this number is 10
• Here, the numbers 0 to 9 are used to create numbers
• The place value is calculated from right to left

Octal Number System

• The base of this number system is 8
• To create a number here, 8 digits are used is 0 to 7
• The decimal system can be converted to the octal number system. 

Hexadecimal Number System

• The alphabets A to F are used to represent the numbers from 10 to 15
• The base of this number system is 16.
• Here, numbers and alphabets are used from 0 to 9 and from A to F.
   

The number system is used in our daily life. In this section, let's learn more about the number system and how it is helpful for students. 

• Do basic calculations using mathematical operations 
   
• Measure the distance or qualities of the object
   
• Solve the arithmetic progressions and equations
   
• Help to understand the number value
   
• understanding the currency exchange rate
   

Numbers can be classified into positional and non-positional systems we base it on the representation of the numbers. When we express it we classifiy it further into a standard form or expanded form.

Positional Number System:

The positional number system also known as the weighted number system  is based on the weight or value of the digits according to the positions of the numbers. We relate the number that is right next to it. Decimal, binary, octal, and hexadecimal number systems are some of the few types of positional number systems.

Example: 14 can be 1 ×10 + 4 × 1 = 10 + 4 = 14

Non-Positional Number Systems

When each number has its own value we call that a non-positional number system. The value of the number doesn’t change with the place value because numbers have no relation to their place values. One such example of non-positional number systems are Roman numerals.. 

Standard Form:

Standard form is a way of expressing numbers in the form of numbers. In standard form, 5234 is written as 5.234 × 103

Expanded Form:

Here,we express the number using the place value of the number. In expanded form, 5234 is written as 5000 + 200 + 30 + 4. 
 

Learning a number system can help students to understand the basic characteristics of numbers and number systems. Now let’s discuss a few tips and tricks to master the number system.

Understanding the concept of base:

Each number system will have a different base, this makes the numbers of all the number systems unique. In the binary system, the base is 2, in the decimal system the base is 10, in the octal system the base is 8, and in hexadecimal the base is 16.

Understand the pattern:

The number system follows different patterns, and it makes it unique. So, understanding the pattern will help kids to master the number system.

Using online tools and calculators:

To make conversion of numbers system easier, students can use online tools and calculators.
 

To represent the qualities or values, we use numbers. For counting, measuring, coding, and so on we use number systems. 

• In computers: To process data we use the binary number system, in some cases hexadecimal and octal number systems are used as well. 
   
• We use hexadecimal and octal number systems to make codes easier to read and debug.
   
• In cryptography, we use decimal number systems for encryption algorithms for data security.
   
• In financial transactions, we use binary and decimal numbers systems in banking and stock market algorithms to process transactions.